Buddhism and Hindu Society
To me it is clear that at no time in India did people practice Buddhism in toto though they respected Gautam Buddha as a great personage. Today, there are many who have joined a movement called the “Theosophical Movement”. Nevertheless, many of them continue to celebrate the festivals just like Hindus. Their marriages and similar other rites are performed as per Vedic injunctions. They have not given up the Hindu religion. When some great men are born, many are attracted by their great qualities like humanity, wisdom and character. Nevertheless, the missions or institutions established in their names with some modifications of or departures from the Vedic practices, are not generally followed by their votaries in their homes. They continue to stick to the old traditions. Mahatma Gandhi and Gandhism are names to conjure with. People in their enthusiasm at first placed him even above the incarnations of Rama and Krishna. Nevertheless, in their private lives they did not practice his essential teachings, viz., widow remarriage, physical contact with the Harijans, etc. To this extent, they have not practiced Gandhism, although in society they passed for ardent followers of Gandhi. But since Gandhi as a person had outstanding personal qualities, such as self-sacrifice, truth, devotion to God, public services, etc., people highly respected him. This should not be taken to imply that they implicitly accepted all his preachings and sayings in toto.
Same was the case with the Buddha. His private life was highly laudable. A prince, in his youth, he even abandoned his wife and infant son, so as to dedicate himself to the task of improving the lot of the common man. These sacrifices and good qualities attracted the masses. This did not mean or result in all the Buddhist tenets from being accepted or followed in practice. Simply because Buddha condemned ritualistic practices, people did not abandon them. They still followed the caste system and the various rituals but admired Buddha for his personal qualities. Neither did people become Bhikshus (medicants) in large numbers. They married and became householders performing the duties prescribed for such life as per tradition. Although Emperor Ashoka was a Buddhist and did so much for Buddhism, he did not change nor was he able to change the Vedic way of life of the society in general. The famous Ashoka pillar and many of Ashoka’s edicts bear testimony to the fact that he safeguarded the religious freedom of his subjects. It would appear that, except for the Buddha Bhikshus (medicants), the bulk of the householders continued to follow the Vedic way of life. Although the Buddhists do not make specific mention of Isvara or God or the divinities, it may be interesting to note that even the books written by great Buddhist Bhikshus have a Saraswati Stotra in the beginning praising Saraswati, the Goddess of Learning and Wisdom. It is from Tibet and its surroundings that we have obtained many Taantric texts specifying the method of worship of divinities. An examination of the works of Shri Harsha and Bilhana, which are written in Sanskrit, makes it clear that, even during the time when Buddhism was flourishing, the Vedic rituals and the Vedic way of life were followed assiduously.
Many reformists, who may not accept the way of life I proclaim, also come to me. Although not subscribing to my belief, they think that there is something good in me and their visit is on account of personal regard. This has been the case in our country in the past also. Not only those who slightly differed from the accepted and popular faith but even those who violently upheld and propagated their widely divergent reformism, were held in high esteem not necessarily on account of their views but on account of their personal qualities and praiseworthy way of living. Even today, the stage has not been reached when our traditional beliefs and customs have been completely thrown overboard. After all, like seasoned wood tested through the years, these are deeply embedded in the people’s minds and hearts over the centuries. In short, people have been following in the footsteps of their forefathers and the traditions passed on from generation to generation. This was what happened to Buddhist religious reformism also. Therefore, when the Buddhist doctrine was brought under fire by Udayana and Kumarila Bhatta, people had no difficulty in abandoning the new faith of Buddhism and reverting to the traditional.
Anuvaadaa – to be continued….
Harih Harah!!
बौद्ध धर्म एवं हिन्दू समाज
हमरा लेल ई स्पष्ट अछि जे भारत मे कोनो समय मे लोक बौद्ध धर्म केँ समग्रता मे नहि मानने छल यद्यपि ओ गौतम बुद्ध केँ एकटा महान व्यक्तिक रूप मे सम्मान करैत छल । आइ बहुतो एहेन लोक अछि जे “थियोसोफिकल मूवमेंट” नामक आन्दोलन मे शामिल भ गेल अछि । तइयो कतेको गोटे हिन्दू जेकाँ पाबनि मनाबैत रहैत अछि । ओकरो सभक विवाह आ एहने अन्य संस्कार वैदिक आज्ञानुसार कयल जाइत अछि । हिन्दू धर्म के त्याग नहि कएने अछि । जखन कोनो महापुरुष जन्म लैत छथि त कतेको लोक हुनकर मानवता, बुद्धि आ चरित्र सन महान गुण सब सँ आकर्षित भेल करैछ । तइयो वैदिक प्रथा सँ किछु संशोधन वा विचलन संग हुनक नाम पर स्थापित मिशन वा संस्था, सामान्यतः अपन अनुगामी सब केँ अपन घर मे पालन नहि करैत अछि । पुराने परंपरा पर अडिग रहैत अछि । महात्मा गांधी आ गांधीवाद जादू जेकाँ नाम कमेलक । लोक अपन उत्साह मे पहिने हुनका राम आ कृष्णक अवतार सँ ऊपर सेहो राखि देलकनि । तइयो अपन निजी जीवन मे हुनक आवश्यक शिक्षा अर्थात् विधवा पुनर्विवाह, हरिजन सँ शारीरिक संपर्क आदिक अभ्यास नहि कयलक । एतेक हद तक गांधीवादक आचरण नहि केने अछि, यद्यपि समाज मे ओ सब गांधीक कट्टर अनुयायी रूप मे मान्यता प्राप्त कयलक । मुदा चूँकि गांधी जी के एकटा व्यक्ति के रूप में उत्कृष्ट व्यक्तिगत गुण छलनि, जेना आत्मत्याग, सत्य, भगवान् के प्रति भक्ति, लोकक सेवा आदि, ताहि लेल लोक हुनकर बहुत सम्मान करैत छल । एकर मतलब ई नै लेबाक चाही जे हुनकर सब उपदेश आ कहब केँ ओ सब अन्तर्निहित रूप सँ स्वीकार कय लेलक ।
बुद्धक संग सेहो एहने छल । हुनकर निजी जीवन अत्यंत प्रशंसनीय छल । एकटा राजकुमार, युवावस्था मे अपन पत्नी आ शिशु (बेटा) तक छोड़ि देलनि, जाहि सँ आम आदमीक भाग्य सुधारबाक काज मे अपना केँ समर्पित क’ देलनि । ई त्याग आ नीक गुण जनमानस केँ आकर्षित केलक । एकर मतलब या परिणाम ई नहि छलैक जे सब बौद्ध सिद्धांत केँ व्यवहार मे स्वीकार या पालन कयल जाय से ठनलक । मात्र एहि लेल जे बुद्ध वैदिक संस्कारक निन्दा केलनि, लोक एकरा नहि छोड़लक । ओ लोक सब एखनहुँ जाति व्यवस्था आ विभिन्न संस्कारक पालन करिते अछि मुदा बुद्धक व्यक्तिगत गुणक प्रशंसा करैत अछि । आ नहिये लोक बेसी संख्या मे भिक्षु (संन्यासी) बनल बुद्धक कथनानुसार । विवाहक परम्परानुसार एहेन जीवन लेल निर्धारित कर्तव्यक निर्वहन करैत गृहस्थ बनिते अछि लोक । ओना सम्राट अशोक बौद्ध छलाह आ बौद्ध धर्मक लेल एतेक काज कयलनि मुदा लोक नहि बदललनि आ ने सामान्यतः समाजक वैदिक जीवन पद्धति मे परिवर्तन करबा मे सक्षम भेलाह सम्राट अशोक । प्रसिद्ध अशोक स्तम्भ आ अशोकक बहुत रास सन्देश (उपदेशात्मक विचार) एहि बातक गवाही दैत अछि जे ओ अपन प्रजाक धार्मिक स्वतंत्रताक रक्षा कएने छलाह | एहन बुझना जायत जे, बुद्ध भिक्षु केँ छोड़ि, गृहस्थ केर अधिकांश लोक वैदिक जीवन पद्धतिक पालन करैत रहल । यद्यपि बौद्ध लोकनि ईश्वर वा भगवान वा देवताक विशिष्ट उल्लेख नहि करैत छथि मुदा ई देखब रोचक भ’ सकैत अछि जे पैघ बौद्ध भिक्षु लोकनिक लिखल पुस्तक मे सेहो प्रारम्भ मे विद्या आ प्रज्ञाक देवी सरस्वतीक स्तुति करैत सरस्वती स्तोत्र अछि । तिब्बत आ ओकर आसपास सँ हमरा लोकनि केँ बहुत रास तांत्रिक ग्रंथ भेटल अछि जाहि मे देवताक पूजाक पद्धति निर्दिष्ट कयल गेल अछि । संस्कृत मे लिखल श्री हर्ष आ बिल्हानक कृति सभक परीक्षण सँ ई स्पष्ट भ’ जाइत अछि जे बौद्ध धर्मक पनपबाक समय मे सेहो वैदिक संस्कार आ वैदिक जीवन पद्धतिक लगन सँ पालन कयल जाइत छल ।
कतेको सुधारवादी, जे हमर घोषणा जीवन पद्धति केँ स्वीकार नहि क’ सकैत छथि, सेहो हमरा लग अबैत छथि । ओना हमर विश्वासक समर्थन ग्रहण नहि करैत छथि मुदा हुनका लोकनि केँ लगैत छनि जे हमरा मे किछु नीक अछि आ हुनकर सबहक यात्रा व्यक्तिगत संबंधक कारणेँ अलग होइत छनि । पूर्व मे सेहो हमर देश मे एहेन रहल अछि । स्वीकृत आ लोकप्रिय आस्था सँ कनेक भिन्नता टा नहि बल्कि ओकर व्यापक रूप सँ विचलित सुधारवाद केर हिंसक रूप सँ समर्थन आ प्रचार करयवला सेहो, जरूरी नहि जे ओकर विचार के कारण बल्कि ओकर व्यक्तिगत गुण आ प्रशंसनीय जीवन-शैलीक कारण उच्च सम्मान देल जाइत रहल अछि । आइयो ओहि स्तर धरि नहि पहुँचल अछि जखन हमर सबहक पारम्परिक मान्यता आ रीति-रिवाज केँ पूर्ण रूप सँ पानि मे फेकि देल गेल अछि । आखिर जेना वर्षों के दौरान परखल जायवला मसालेदार लकड़ी जेकाँ ई सब सदियो सँ लोकक दिमाग आ दिल मे गहराई सँ समाहित भेल अछि । संक्षेप मे कहल जाय त लोक अपन पूर्वज के नक्शेकदम पर चलैत आबि रहल अछि आ जे परंपरा पीढ़ी दर पीढ़ी चलैत रहल अछि । बौद्ध धार्मिक सुधारवाद के साथ भी यैह हाल छलैक । तेँ जखन उदयन आ कुमारिल भट्ट बौद्ध सिद्धांत पर आगि लगौलनि तखन लोक केँ बौद्ध धर्मक नव आस्था केँ त्यागि पारम्परिक मे वापस आबय मे कोनो दिक्कत नहि भेलनि ।
हरिः हरः!!

1 Comment
Nice post